Late Payment in Romania: Penalties, Interest and Legal Remedies
When is a Romanian invoice late — and what can a creditor recover?
A missed payment deadline in Romania is not only a collections problem. It can trigger statutory penalty interest, a fixed recovery compensation and, with the right contract, a pre-agreed penalty clause — without the creditor having to prove any loss.
Late-payment claims may include interest, recovery compensation and documented collection costs.
Late payment in Romania is heavily regulated for business-to-business transactions. Under Law 72/2013, which transposes EU Directive 2011/7, a B2B invoice is generally payable within about 30 days unless the parties expressly agreed a longer term — capped at 60 days unless a longer term is not abusive. On late payment, provided the creditor has performed its obligations and the delay is imputable to the debtor, a professional creditor can claim the applicable statutory or contractual late-payment interest or penalty, together with the €40 flat recovery compensation and recoverable collection costs. For money obligations assumed in the exercise of an undertaking’s activity, the debtor is in delay by operation of law, so interest runs from maturity without a formal demand, subject to the statutory conditions. Exact figures depend on the contract and on the reference rate published by the National Bank of Romania.
Most foreign suppliers start with a practical question: when can you demand more than the unpaid principal, and how do you recover an unpaid invoice in Romania? This guide explains when a payment becomes late, which charges a creditor can add, which payment terms are valid (and which clauses are void), and the realistic recovery route from a first demand through to enforcement.
The rules below focus on business-to-business transactions governed by Romanian law. They apply on top of the general contract-law regime: the Romanian Civil Code and, for commercial transactions, the specific late-payment law, Law 72/2013, based on EU Directive 2011/7 on combating late payment.
What can a Romanian creditor charge on a late invoice?
Penalty interest, plus a fixed €40 recovery compensation, plus enforceable recovery costs — and, if the contract says so, a daily contractual penalty. Penalty interest, the €40 minimum compensation and a contractual penalty do not require proof of actual loss. Additional recovery costs, however, must be substantiated. These rights accrue provided the creditor has performed its obligations and the delay is imputable to the debtor.
Romanian law gives a creditor who is not paid at maturity a right to moratory damages — penalty interest — running from the due date until payment, at the rate agreed in the contract or, absent agreement, at the statutory rate, without having to prove any loss (Civil Code, Article 1535). The debtor cannot defend by showing the creditor suffered a smaller loss.
Depending on the contract, the creditor may claim the applicable statutory or contractual late-payment interest or penalty, together with the €40 minimum compensation and recoverable collection costs. Whether a contractual late-payment penalty may be cumulated with another form of moratory damages depends on the drafting and legal nature of the contractual remedies.
- Statutory or contractual penalty interest — at the rate agreed by the parties or, absent agreement, the statutory penalty interest at the reference rate plus 8 percentage points for professional relations, applied for each semester on the rate in force at the start of that semester (Law 72/2013, Article 4, read with OG 13/2011, Article 3).
- Fixed minimum compensation of €40 — a flat amount of recovery damages, payable in lei at the exchange rate on the payment date, in addition to the interest (Law 72/2013, Article 10).
- Substantiated recovery costs — collection expenses actually incurred and established can be claimed as damages (Law 72/2013, Article 9).
- Contractual penalty clause — a pre-agreed per-day penalty, enforceable without proof of loss (Civil Code, Article 1538), subject to the statutory reduction grounds in Civil Code, Article 1541. Whether it may be cumulated with other moratory damages depends on the contract’s drafting.
Risk: A creditor who ignores the interest route and waits silently may still recover the principal, but documentation matters. If the debtor later disputes the amount, the creditor must show when each sum became due. Keep invoices, delivery or acceptance evidence and the calculation of interest from maturity.
When is a payment legally late?
At the contractual due date, or generally 30 calendar days after the debtor receives the invoice when no term was agreed. In B2B contracts, an agreed payment term longer than 60 days is valid only if it is not abusive (grossly unfair) to the creditor.
The starting point is the term agreed in the contract. The parties may choose the payment date, subject to an important limit in business relations: the contractual payment term cannot exceed 60 calendar days, and a longer term is permitted only if the clause is not abusive under Law 72/2013, Article 5.
When the contract is silent, Law 72/2013, Article 3 fixes the moment from which penalty interest runs. For a professional creditor, interest runs after 30 calendar days from receipt by the debtor of the invoice or of any equivalent payment request. Where the date of receipt is uncertain or the invoice is received before the goods or services, the law uses the date of delivery of the goods or performance of the services as the reference point.
For money obligations assumed in the exercise of an undertaking’s activity, the debtor is in delay by operation of law: interest begins to run at maturity without any formal demand or notification (Civil Code, Article 1523). A written reminder still matters — it creates evidence of the claim and of the date from which the debtor was asked to pay, which becomes relevant in litigation.
These rights accrue only where the statutory conditions are met: in particular, the creditor and its subcontractors must have performed their contractual obligations, and the delay must be imputable to the debtor. The debtor must not have paid the amount due at maturity and must be unable to show that the delay is not attributable to it (Law 72/2013, Article 3(1)).
| Situation | Interest starts | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| Payment term agreed in the contract | On the day after the contractual due date, generally without a formal demand | Civil Code Art. 1535; Art. 1523 (enterprise money obligations) |
| No payment term agreed (B2B) | 30 calendar days after the debtor receives the invoice or equivalent payment request | Law 72/2013, Art. 3(3) |
| Invoice received before delivery of goods or services | 30 calendar days after delivery or performance | Law 72/2013, Art. 3(3) |
| Debtor is a public authority | Generally 30 days; exceptionally up to 60 days where expressly stipulated and objectively justified; public healthcare institutions: maximum 60 days | Law 72/2013, Art. 6–7 |
For public authorities, the general legal payment term is 30 calendar days. Exceptionally, the parties may stipulate a term of up to 60 calendar days if it is set out expressly in the contract and in the procurement documentation and is objectively justified by the nature or the specific characteristics of the contract (Law 72/2013, Article 7). For public healthcare institutions and public entities providing medical services, the legal payment term is capped at 60 calendar days (Law 72/2013, Article 6(4)).
The parties cannot contract around the invoice date itself: any clause fixing a term for issuing or receiving the invoice is absolutely void (Law 72/2013, Article 5(3)).
How is the interest rate calculated?
Parties may agree their own rate or penalty, but in transactions governed by Law 72/2013 a clause that excludes late-payment interest or sets it below the statutory penalty interest is treated as abusive. Absent an agreement, the statutory penalty interest in professional relations is set at the reference rate plus 8 percentage points per year.
- Agreed rate or penalty clause. The contract may set a specific annual interest rate or a per-day penalty, for example 0.1% or 0.5% per day. Such clauses are valid and enforceable without proof of loss, subject to reduction by a court on the statutory grounds under Civil Code Article 1541. In transactions governed by Law 72/2013, a clause that excludes late-payment interest or sets it below the statutory penalty-interest level is treated as abusive under Article 14(a).
- Statutory rate. If the parties did not agree a rate, Law 72/2013, Article 4 applies the statutory penalty interest calculated under Article 3 of OG 13/2011. For professional relations, the rate is the reference rate plus 8 percentage points, with the rate in force on the first calendar day of each semester applying for the whole semester.
The BNR reference rate in force on 1 July 2026 was 6.50%. Accordingly, the statutory B2B penalty interest applicable throughout the second semester of 2026 is 14.50% per annum. Because the reference rate moves, always confirm the rate currently in force on the National Bank of Romania website before relying on a figure.
Tip: For recurring commercial relationships, agree the interest or penalty rate in the contract. A clearly drafted penalty clause removes any argument about which statutory rate applies and creates a strong, predictable claim on each overdue invoice.
The €40 flat compensation and recovery costs
In B2B relations, a creditor is entitled to a flat minimum compensation of €40 per late payment, in addition to the applicable late-payment interest or penalty and to the costs of any enforcement procedure.
Law 72/2013, Article 10 gives the creditor the right to demand, when the conditions for late payment are met, the equivalent in lei at the exchange rate on the payment date of €40, representing flat-rate minimum damages for the costs of recovering the claim. The obligation to pay this amount matures at the same time as penalty interest starts running.
This flat amount is additional to the applicable late-payment interest or penalty and to the costs of any subsequent enforcement procedure. CJEU case law confirms that the fixed €40 minimum is payable for each commercial transaction not paid on time and evidenced by an invoice or an equivalent payment request, even where several invoices are pursued in a single claim (Case C-585/20, BFF Finance Iberia). Where a single contract provides for successive supplies or services subject to separate payment deadlines, the €40 minimum is payable for each late payment (Case C-419/21).
On top of the €40, Article 9 allows the creditor to claim recovery expenses actually incurred and established. By contrast, the €40 itself does not require proof of loss and remains the simplest element to assert on each unpaid invoice.
Which payment terms are valid — and which clauses are void?
A B2B payment term is capped at 60 days unless a longer term is not abusive. Clauses postponing the start of interest, requiring a formal demand before interest runs, or excluding penalty interest or recovery compensation are unenforceable.
Law 72/2013, Article 12 establishes the general test: a clause or practice is abusive where it creates, in a grossly unfair way (“vădit inechitabil”), rights and obligations significantly unbalanced to the creditor’s detriment. Article 13 sets the criteria a court considers, including serious deviation from established good practice, absence of objective reasons for derogating from the statutory payment terms or interest rate, and the counterparty’s dominant position towards an SME. Article 14 identifies clauses deemed abusive by law, without need for further assessment, and Article 15 sanctions abusive clauses by absolute nullity.
Clauses of the following type are deemed abusive by law and are therefore absolutely null under Law 72/2013, Articles 14 and 15:
- clauses excluding penalty interest or setting it below the statutory penalty interest;
- clauses fixing a moment for the interest to start later than the statutory moment;
- clauses making interest depend on a formal putting-in-delay even though the debtor is in delay by operation of law;
- in contracts between professionals and public authorities, a payment term exceeding what Article 7(1) allows when the exceptional conditions are not met;
- clauses excluding the possibility of additional damages.
Mistake: relying on a 90-day payment term “because the client insisted”
In B2B contracts a term beyond 60 days is only valid if it is not abusive. A term imposed by the larger counterparty without objective justification is exposed to challenge and will not stop the statutory interest from running.
Mistake: waiting for a formal demand before recognising interest
For enterprise money obligations, delay arises by operation of law. The claim for interest starts at maturity. The creditor does not first have to send a formal notification.
Mistake: writing “0% interest” into the contract to keep the client happy
A clause that excludes penalty interest altogether is unenforceable against a professional creditor and can be disregarded. The statutory interest will still apply.
How to recover an unpaid invoice in Romania: the practical route
The route runs from a written demand, through the payment-order procedure for certain, liquid and due contractual claims, to court judgment and enforcement. Most commercial claims follow these steps, but timing, documents and evidence requirements should be checked against the specific contract before acting.
Recovering an unpaid invoice normally progresses from a documented demand to court proceedings and, where necessary, enforcement.
- Commercial reminder. Send a payment request identifying the invoice, due date and interest accruing. Even where delay is automatic, this creates documentary evidence and often resolves the matter.
- Statutory summons. Before filing under the payment-order procedure, the creditor must serve a formal summons under Article 1015 of the Code of Civil Procedure through a judicial executor or by registered letter with declared contents and acknowledgment of receipt, granting 15 days to pay.
- Court action. If the debtor contests the claim or amount, recover through ordinary court proceedings for the principal, interest and costs.
- Enforcement. Once the creditor holds an enforceable title, a judicial executor can attach bank accounts, receivables or other debtor assets.
Risk: The payment-order procedure is not a substitute for litigation when determining the debtor’s defence requires evidentiary administration incompatible with the summary nature of the procedure. The claim must concern a certain, liquid and due contractual obligation established within the documentary framework. Otherwise, the creditor may have to pursue the claim through ordinary proceedings.
Which route fits which situation?
| Route | Best for | Key document or condition | Main business consideration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Written demand plus statutory interest | Overdue but still cooperative counterparties | Invoice, contract and evidence of delivery | Preserves the relationship while demonstrating the claim |
| Payment-order procedure | Certain, liquid and due contractual claims for a sum of money | Written evidence establishing the contractual claim and proof of the mandatory Article 1015 summons | Faster track for clear claims; genuine disputes may derail it |
| Ordinary court action | Disputed liability, quantum or set-off arguments | Full evidence of the relationship, delivery and default | Longer timeline; costs can include interest and fees |
| Enforcement by judicial executor | Debtor with assets who does not pay voluntarily | Enforceable title, such as a payment order or judgment | Attachments and garnishment become available |
The payment-order and enforcement rules are contained in the Romanian Code of Civil Procedure. Our dedicated guide to the payment ordinance procedure in Romania explains the conditions and required documents. The broader debt recovery in Romania guide covers the complete collection strategy.
Illustrative scenarios
No penalty clause in the contract
A Romanian buyer does not pay a 30-day invoice of €10,000. Because the money obligation was assumed in a business activity, interest runs from maturity without a formal demand at the statutory B2B rate, and the €40 flat compensation applies. The supplier can demand the principal, interest and the €40 in one written request.
Contract with a 0.5% daily penalty
The parties agreed a daily penalty of 0.5% of the unpaid amount. On a disputed invoice, the creditor can claim the contractual penalty without proving any loss under Civil Code Article 1538. A court may reduce the penalty only on statutory grounds, such as partial beneficial performance or a penalty that is manifestly excessive compared with the foreseeable loss.
Debtor contests the invoice
The debtor claims the services were defective and refuses payment. Because the claim is genuinely disputed, the payment-order route may not resolve the matter. The supplier should prepare evidence of performance and acceptance and assess ordinary litigation against the amount at stake.
How to protect your position before and after maturity
The strongest position starts before the invoice is issued. Interest and penalties are easier to claim when the contract supports them and the documentation confirms what was delivered, when it was delivered and for which price.
- Set a compliant payment term. Align the due date with Law 72/2013, generally up to 60 days in B2B transactions, and state it clearly in the contract.
- Agree a penalty or interest rate. Include a per-day penalty clause or an agreed annual interest rate so there is no argument about the statutory rate.
- Invoice promptly and completely. Issue the invoice with an unambiguous due date and complete references to the contract and delivery documents.
- Confirm receipt and delivery. Keep signed delivery notes, acceptance records or other evidence that the goods or services were provided.
- Send a written reminder at maturity. Restate the amount, due date, interest formula and €40 compensation. This becomes part of the evidence supporting the claim.
- Calculate interest from the correct date. Use the contractual due date or the applicable 30-day statutory threshold, with the semester rate in force at the start of each semester.
- Assess the payment-order procedure early. For a certain, liquid and due contractual claim established through documentary evidence, consider the faster procedure rather than waiting while interest and costs accumulate.
- Preserve the enforcement option. If payment does not follow, instruct counsel or a judicial executor before the debtor transfers assets.
The Bottom Line
Late payment in Romania is not merely a collections nuisance. It is a regulated event that gives the creditor a defined set of remedies. A professional creditor can claim the applicable statutory or contractual late-payment interest or penalty, the €40 minimum compensation and substantiated recovery costs. Late-payment interest or a contractual penalty and the €40 minimum compensation do not require proof of actual loss, while additional recovery costs must be established. Getting the payment terms, penalty clause and paper trail right from the beginning converts an overdue invoice into a clearly quantified claim that can be pursued through the payment-order procedure or the ordinary courts.
Frequently asked questions
Do I have to send a formal notice before interest starts running?
For money obligations assumed in the exercise of an undertaking’s activity, the debtor is in delay by operation of law and interest runs from maturity without a formal demand. A written reminder is still advisable as evidence and may be required for other remedies.
What is the statutory interest rate for late payment in Romania?
In professional relations, it is the reference rate plus 8 percentage points per year. With the reference rate at 6.5%, that is approximately 14.5% per annum. Confirm the current reference rate published by the National Bank of Romania before relying on a figure.
Is the €40 compensation automatic?
In B2B relations, yes. When the conditions for late payment are met, the creditor may demand the lei equivalent of €40 as flat-rate minimum recovery damages, in addition to penalty interest and enforcement costs.
Can we agree a payment term longer than 60 days?
Only if the clause is not abusive or grossly unfair to the creditor. A longer term imposed without objective justification is exposed to challenge. Clauses fixing the invoice issue or receipt date are absolutely void.
Are contractual penalty clauses enforceable without proof of loss?
Yes. A penalty clause entitles the creditor to the agreed amount without proving any loss. A court may reduce the penalty only in limited statutory circumstances, including where the penalty is manifestly excessive compared with the foreseeable loss.
Does late payment allow the creditor to terminate the contract?
Non-performance can give rise to termination rights where the statutory conditions are met. Termination is assessed separately from the interest claim and carries its own consequences, so it should be considered with counsel before being used.
Disclaimer: This article provides general legal information about Romanian and EU late-payment rules and does not constitute legal or tax advice. Interest rates, deadlines and remedies depend on the contract, the parties’ status and the specific facts. Figures such as the reference rate change over time.
AI Notice: AI-assisted content, reviewed and approved by a qualified Romanian lawyer.
